The genus Lactobacillus has been divided into many groups, which will be referred to collectively as lactobacilli. They can also help re-establish the intestinal flora of animals following antibiotic treatment. As feed additives, probiotics can promote the general health of piglets by helping them develop and maintain a healthy gut microflora. Hosts can benefit from the immunomodulatory properties (activation of macrophages, increased secretion of immunoglobulins) associated with the presence of probiotics. Their mode of action in animals has not been fully elucidated but may include producing antimicrobial substances, excluding microbial pathogens by blocking adhesion sites, preventing microbial pathogens from attaching to the epithelium, improving the barrier against microbial invasion by tightening the junctions between intestinal cells, increasing mucus production, which prevents pathogen adhesion, and changing the composition of intestinal flora. In pregnant and lactating sows, piglets, and fattening sows, probiotics can be used to support the digestive system, decrease stress, and reduce the risk of infections, leading to better growth performance. Along with vaccines, probiotics provide an additional tool for protecting animals from infections as well as a partial alternative to the use of antibiotics as a growth promoter. There is substantial evidence for the benefits of using probiotic bacteria to promote the health of the digestive system and to prevent infections or mitigate the symptoms of intestinal illness. In general, the use of antibiotics tends to be limited in order to avoid antibiotic resistance in pathogenic microorganisms. However, few antimicrobial agents are available for use in controlling porcine viruses, and antibiotics are known to disrupt the ecology of the intestinal microbiome. In addition to their therapeutic uses, antibiotics have been used to promote growth or to provide protection against certain diseases and symptoms, including diarrhea. Because of the wide genetic diversity among rotaviruses and the emergence of new circulating strains, the efficacy of vaccines may decrease over time. As in humans, rotavirus vaccines are available to prevent infections in pigs caused by major group A rotavirus (RVA) strains. Rotavirus groups A, B, and C are the major groups associated with gastrointestinal disease in pigs. Rotavirus is transmitted via the fecal-oral route, and fecal shedding of the virus facilitates its transmission. Rotavirus causes profuse watery diarrhea that can lead to dehydration and malabsorption, particularly in young animals, and cause important economic losses. In swine production, piglets experience significant stress at weaning, a period when their immune system is still immature, which makes them susceptible to infections.
The results obtained using a cell-probiotics-virus platform combined with flow cytometry analysis suggest that probiotic bacteria can have a protective effect on IPEC-J2 cells before infection and can also prevent rotavirus infection of the cells. When the probiotic bacteria were incubated with the virus before cell infection, a significant 14% decrease in the infection rate was observed for B. When cells were exposed to three selected probiotic strains for 1 h at higher concentrations, that is, 10 8 and 5 × 10 8 CFU/mL, before infection with rotavirus, no significant reduction was observed. animalis lactis A026, and 15% (10 5) for Lactobacillus plantarum 299V. When cells were exposed to seven probiotics at concentrations of 10 5, 10 6, or 10 7 CFU/mL for 16 h and removed before rotavirus challenge, infection reduction rates determined by flow cytometry were as follows: 15% (10 6) and 18% (10 5) for Bifidobacterium longum R0175, 15% (10 7) and 16% (10 6) for B. To evaluate the effect of probiotic bacteria on porcine rotavirus infections, non-transformed porcine intestinal epithelial IPEC-J2 cells were used as an in vitro model, and three different procedures were tested. Probiotic supplementation is used as a prophylactic or therapeutic approach to dealing with microbial infections in humans and animals. Rotavirus infections in nursing or post-weaning piglets are known to cause diarrhea, which can lead to commercial losses.
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